Uploaded by sarguss Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Non-communicable diseases and health systems reform in low and middle-income countries WP An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Brownson - Applied Epidemiology - Theory to Practice. Epidemiology and Fundamentals of Infectious Diseases.
Jump to Page. Search inside document. FCM Dra. Samawada Samatr. Christiaan Gaye B. Nayyar Raza Kazmi. Hari Sadu. Richard Valdez. Deepak James. Sheryl Reyes. Nossal Institute for Global Health. Anonymous dNeWZoQ. Melissa Sindiong.
Ing Ching. Gentic Nguyen. Pushparaj Ghodke. PinayMD OnHold. Jorge Luis De Leon. Waleed Mostafa. More From sarguss World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guideline. Rizky Rachmania Amanda. Popular in Health Sciences. Ruthraaadi Rameshkumar. Jaya Prabha. Dave Del Rosario. Sheila Padaoan Garcia. Sufi Muzahid Hussain. Daniw Macarulay. Sylvia Grace. Consolidated Resolution No. Abigail Louise Carreon Dagdag. The virus replicates in the liver, is excreted in bile, and can reach high concentrations in the stool.
Stool concentrations are the highest 2 weeks after transmission. Patients are considered non-infectious about a week after inoculation or the onset of jaundice. Patients who are symptomatic most often present with acute onset fever, malaise, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and abdominal pain.
The test of choice is IgM anti-hepatitis A virus for diagnostic purposes. There is no specific therapy available. Presently, supportive and conservative management is the mainstay of treatments. Prevention includes personal hygiene or with active or passive immunization. There are four major patterns of HAV infections worldwide divided into areas of high, intermediate, low, or very low prevalence. Endemic areas of high prevalence include parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Most infections in these areas occur in early childhood. Areas of low prevalence and very low prevalence include North America and Western Europe with few infections during childhood and majority of the population are susceptible throughout adulthood.
Over 30, cases were reported in An estimated , HAV infections are said to have occurred each year between and There was a Of note, the overall incidence in was 0. Since , the declining incidence in the United States is attributed to the widespread use of HAV vaccination for populations considered high-risk. An incidence of 1 case per 10, was notably the lowest recorded in States with routine vaccination for children also noticeably made the most noticeable difference Epocrartes, Globally, the epidemiology of HAV is evolving, in part attributed to improved sanitation standards and living conditions mostly noticeable in developing countries.
This has undoubtedly contributed to the global decline in the number of infected children globally. However, the incidence among adults has increased due to the larger population of an adult who lacks antibodies that are protective against HAV.
Recently, the Division of Disease Control and Health Protection issued a Healthcare Provider Advisory note on HAV in the State of Florida indicating that cases have been in reported in the State of Florida alone since January , a significant increase when compared to the past 5-year average of 94 cases.
Of note was the fact that most HAV cases did not have international travel exposure. Southeast Florida e. The median age of reported cases was 38 years with the highest rates of Hepatitis A disease recorded among people ages 25 to 44 years. Also of note is the fact that nearly outbreaks of HAV were recorded among individuals who are homeless, use intravenous IV drugs, men who have sex with men, and their close or direct contacts as investigated by the health departments in Arizona, California, Colorado, Michigan, New York and Utah DOH, Florida There are many examples of communicable diseases.
Health professionals need to be aware that some require reporting to appropriate health departments or government agencies in the locality of the outbreak. Some examples of reportable communicable disease include HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, measles, salmonella, measles, and blood-borne illnesses. Improving health professional understanding of communicable diseases that must be reported will lead to better patient outcomes.
In the hospital setting, the nurse educators and infectious disease nurse play a crucial role in educating the clinicians and nurses in avoiding spreading communicable disease.
Further, the infectious disease nurse assists in identifying concerns and reporting issues to the interprofessional team managing a patients care. Often this involves more stringent infection prevention precautions and guiding the interprofessional team caring for the patient to avoid further spread of disease an obtain the best outcomes.
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Turn recording back on. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. StatPearls [Internet]. Search term. Author Information Authors Peter F. Continuing Education Activity Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air. Introduction Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air.
Function There are four major patterns of HAV infections worldwide divided into areas of high, intermediate, low, or very low prevalence. Issues of Concern Recently, the Division of Disease Control and Health Protection issued a Healthcare Provider Advisory note on HAV in the State of Florida indicating that cases have been in reported in the State of Florida alone since January , a significant increase when compared to the past 5-year average of 94 cases.
Other Issues Recommendation for two-dose HAV vaccine, 6 to 12 months apart for the following persons: Men who have sex with men. Persons traveling to or working in countries with high or intermediate endemicity of hepatitis A.
Household members and other close personal contacts of adopted children newly arriving from countries with high or intermediate hepatitis A endemicity. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by viruses or bacteria that people spread to one another through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, blood products, insect bites, or through the air.
Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
0コメント